40.Indian English

 Indian English is a special way of speaking and writing influenced by British rule and mixed with local languages. It shows India's rich culture, blending old and new. People around the world like it in books and movies, making it a cool mix of tradition and modern life. Indian English connects us globally, bringing different cultures together through its unique and expressive style.

-Submitted by  Akarsh V.

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*Indian English is speech or writing in English that shows the influence if the language and culture of India.

2.The world of Indian  English including the unique words, phrases and accent. 

3.English is used by the Indian government for communication. 

4.Indian English is a group of English dialects spoken in the Republic of India and among the Indian Diaspora.

  *The best way to predict the future to create it.

    -Submitted by Sapavat Deepthi Priya

 

39.Active listening

 Active listening requires you to listen attentively to a speaker, understand what they’re saying, respond and reflect on what’s being said, and retain the information for later. This keeps both listener and speaker actively engaged in the conversation. Four types of active listening are connective listening, reflective listening, analytical listening, conceptual listening.

Paraphrasing, summarizing, questioning and clarifying are examples of active listening techniques.

-Submitted by Khadeeja

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Active listening is a communication skill that involves going beyond simply hearing the words that another person speaks but also seeking to understand the meaning and intent behind them. It requires being an active participant in the communication process.

“Active listening promotes the experience of safety for another person, and when someone feels safer and understood, they open up.”

-Dr. Joan Rosenberg

Reference

Wikipedia. Active listening

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_listening

 -Submitted by Teertha

 

38.Tips for making a good presentation

 DO’s:

*Focus on the key message.

*Make an outline of the topic with 3 or 4 main points.

*Use simple sentences & examples to illustrate the ideas.

*Make eye contact with the audience & use appropriate body language.

*Stay within the time limit.

 DON’Ts:

 *Crowd your slides with too much content.

*Use hard-to-read fonts.

*Use effects, transitions and make it fancy.

*Talk too fast while presenting.

*Read out the slide from the presentation.

  Reference:

https://www.renderforest.com/blog/tricks-for-an-effective-presentation

 -Submitted by  Madhuvanthi K.

  

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 *Make an outline.

*Make the content concise and understandable.

*Maintain eye contact while presenting.

*Start and end with effective bang.

*Know your purpose and engage with  audience.

*Use voice effectively.

*Use visual aids and slides with high clarity.

*Use appropriate body language.

*Stay within the time limit.

*Avoid distractions.

*Use positive affirmation.

 -Submitted  by  Ardra M. Dinil

37. Speaking and delivering a Speech

 “There are always three speeches, for every one you actually gave. The one you practiced, the one you gave, and the one you wish you gave.” 

                                                                                                         -Dale Carnegie

Public speaking is a broader communication skill involving various forms of addressing an audience while delivering a speech specifically refers to presenting a message in a formal manner. Public speaking includes diverse communication scenarios like impromptu talks or panel discussions whereas delivering a speech implies a structured, planned address with a special purpose.

-Submitted by Ayisha Naja

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"You can speak well if your tongue can deliver the message of your heart”.

                                                                      - John ford

"A successful speech is not just an accumulation of words; it is a form of art."

                                                                       -James Humes

 

Speaking involves verbal communication of thoughts or ideas and can be informal (among family/friends) or formal (in business/academic settings). Delivering a speech is a structured, formal presentation, often to an audience, using rhetorical devices and organized content to convey a specific message. While speaking can be casual, speech delivery demands thorough preparation and deliberate presentation, distinguishing it by its structured approach and focused intent to communicate effectively and persuasively to the audience.

 -Submitted    by Ananya Narayanan

 

36.Discourse markers

 Discourse markers are words and phrases that are used to manage and organize the structure of discourse. Some discourse markers are words or phrases like anyway, right, okay, as I say, to begin with. We use them to connect, organize and manage what we say or write or to express our attitude without changing the general meaning of what is being said.

An example of discourse markers is illustrated by a conversation by friends.

A: So, I’ve decided I’m going to go to the bank and ask for a car loan.

B: Well, That sounds like a good idea.

A: Anyway, I was wondering if either of you would teach me how to drive.

-Submitted  by Linnet Ranjith Leslie

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Discourse markers are like road signs in language—they guide us through conversations or texts. Words like “however,” “so,” and “but” act as signals, showing connections between ideas.   Discourse markers make communication smoother by helping us navigate the flow of information. They’re like invisible helpers making sure our words make sense and our thoughts connect, creating a clearer path for understanding in both spoken and written language.

 -Submitted by  Vasuda

35.Connected Speech

 In English, words bump into each other. We reduce words when we’re speaking, contract them, and then mash them together. That’s what connected speech is: it’s continuous spoken language like you’d hear in a normal conversation. It’s called connected speech because the words are all connected, with sounds from one running into the next.

Here are some common types and examples of connected speech.

1.Catenation or linking

Catenation happens when a consonant sound at the end of one word gets attached to the first vowel sound at the beginning of the following word.

Here are some examples:

i) “trip over” often sounds like “trip over”

ii) “hang out” often sounds like “hangout”

2.Intrusion

Intrusion happens when an extra sound squishes in between two words. The intruding sound is often a “i”, “w”, or “r”.

For example, we often say:

i) “he asked” more like “heyasked”

ii) “do it” more like “dewit”

3.Elision

Elision happens when the last sound of a word disappears. This often happens with “t” and “d” sounds. For example:

i) “next door” often gets shortened to “next door”

ii) “most common” often gets shortened to “most common”

4.Assimilation

Assimilation happens when sounds blend together to make an entirely new sound. Some examples include:

i) “don’t you” getting blended into “don-chu”

ii) “meet you” getting blended into “mee-chu

   

-Submitted by: Salma Hussain Malinge

 

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 The dance of pronunciation

Connected speech is the vibrant tapestry of real language. Unlike the neat rows of words on a page, connected speech paints our thoughts with fluidity, weaving sounds together in a dance of pronunciation. Words blur and morph, endings melt into beginnings, and syllables vanish like fleeting brushstrokes. "Good morning" becomes a breezy "gmornin'," consonants tango in "let's go," and "gonna see you" transforms into a single, mellifluous phrase. This intricate choreography, far from sloppy, imbues language with rhythm, nuance, and the very essence of human interaction. Connected speech is the whisper of secrets, the lilt of laughter, the pulse of emotions woven into the fabric of our everyday conversations. It's the magic that takes us beyond rote words and into the heart of meaning, where the speaker's true essence shines through.

 

References

BBC Learning English. Pronunciation tips

https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/grammar/pron/features/connected.shtml

Quora.com   What is the meaning of connected speech?

https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-meaning-of-connected-discourse#:~:text=Connected%20discourse%20

Wikipedia. Connected  speech

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connected_speech

 -Submitted  by  Amalnath  PV.

 

 

34. Sense group in speech

 “Speech is power: speech is to persuade, to convert, to compel.”

 

                                                                                           -Ralph Waldo Emerson

Speech should have a unique power to attract the audience. Sense groups are one of the factors that help us do so. Understanding and utilizing sense groups in speech is a crucial skill for effective communication. These are small units of meaning separated by brief pauses and slight pitch changes. It helps us to recognize natural pauses consider syntactic cues and group words logically. Mastering these groups improves fluency, polishes speaking prowess and makes our speech easily understandable.

 -Submitted  by Abhinand

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 Speech perception relies on sense groups, where words are grouped based on meaning rather than individual sounds. For instance, in the phrase "hot dog," "hot" and "dog" form separate sense groups, aiding comprehension. Understanding sense groups is crucial for effective communication, highlighting the role of semantic context in deciphering spoken language.

 -Submitted by  Prashant Pandey

 

33.Three types of intonations in English

 

The rise and fall of the voice during speech is described by intonation. Falling, rising, and fall-rise intonation are the three basic intonation patterns used in English.

Falling Intonation

The way the voice falls on the last stressed syllable of a phrase or group of syllables is known as falling intonation. In w-h questions, a decreasing intonation is quite prevalent.

*Where’s the nearest post-office?( A fall at the starting of the word post)

*What time does the film finish?( A fall at the starting of the word finish)

When we want to be extremely clear about something or when we declare something definitive, we also utilize falling intonation.

*I think we are completely lost. (A fall at the starting of the word lost)

*OK, here’s the magazine you wanted. ( A fall at the end of the word magazine)

Rising Intonation

The way the voice rises at the end of a sentence is known as rising intonation. Yes-or-no questions frequently use rising intonation.

*I hear the Health Centre is expanding. So, is that the new doctor?(A rise at the starting of the word doctor )

*Are you thirsty? ( A rise at the starting of the word thirsty )

Fall-rise Intonation

The voice dips and then rises with fall-rise intonation. When we wish to express uncertainty or the possibility that we may have more to say, we use fall-rise intonation at the end of our sentences.

*I don’t support any football team at the moment. (but I may change my mind in future). (Intonation at the starting of the word don’t and also a fall at the starting of the word moment and a rise at the end of it.)

*It rained every day in the first week. (but things improved after that). (Fall at the end of first and rise at the starting of week)

When we ask questions, particularly when we want information or encourage someone to do or have something, we use the fall-rise intonation. The questions sound more courteous because of the intonation pattern.

*Is this your camera?( Fall at the middle in camera and a rise at the end of the same word )

*Would you like another coffee?  ( A fall at the beginning and a rise at the ending of coffee)

 

References:

Intonation-Grammar-Cambridge-Dictionary.

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/grammar/british-grammar/intonation%23:~:text%3DIntonation%2520describes%2520how%2520the%2520voice,intonation%2520and%2520fall%252Drise%2520intonation.&ved=2ahUKEwjdnoCG4aCDAxWl3jgGHfR8Bq0QFnoECBQQBQ&usg=AOvVaw0NXKmFh4rQAnUdilwwSUw1

Types of Intonations in Spoken English | Learn English

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.learngrammar.net/a/what-is-intonation-types-of-intonation-in-spoken-english&ved=2ahUKEwjdnoCG4aCDAxWl3jgGHfR8Bq0QFnoECDMQAQ&usg=AOvVaw0MIxvX1JESn2FC_tRbm2wa

Intonations:Definition, Examples and types

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.studysmarter.co.uk/explanations/english/prosody/intonation/&ved=2ahUKEwjdnoCG4aCDAxWl3jgGHfR8Bq0QFnoECDUQAQ&usg=AOvVaw09fHQA2Yn4dpeAk-FV1fLz

 

-Submitted by   Aymen Musthafa PM.

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Intonation describes how the voice rises and falls in speech. The three main patterns of intonation in English are falling intonation, rising intonation and fall-rise intonation.

Falling Intonation

Falling intonation describes how voice falls on the final stressed syllable of a phrase or a group of words.

Example : I don't think so. (The pitch falls at the end.)

Rising Intonation

Rising intonation describes how the voice rises at the end of a sentence.

Example: Is it your birthday ? (The pitch rises at the end.)

Fall-Rise Intonation

Fall-rise intonation describes how the voice falls and then rises.

Example: She is coming to the party, isn't she ? (The pitch rises and then falls, often                                used in tag questions or to express uncertainty.)

-Submitted  by  Jyothika  AC.

 

32.Intonation

 Intonation, in phonetics, the melodic pattern of an utterance. It conveys differences of expressive meaning (e.g., surprise, anger, or delight), and it can also serve a grammatical function. Intonation is primarily a matter of variation in the pitch of the voice. In such languages as English, it is often accompanied by stress and rhythm to produce meaning. (Tone is also a form of pitch modulation, but the term describes the use of pitch to differentiate words and grammatical categories.)In many languages, including English, intonation distinguishes one type of phrase or sentence from another. The different intonations a person can use to say, "The cup of water is over there" demonstrate this grammatical function: when a person begins with a medium pitch and ends with a lower one (falling intonation), this sentence is a simple assertion, but when a person uses a rising intonation (high final pitch), it is a question.

“Intonation is important ,especially when it is cold”

-Eugene Ormandy

-Submitted  by  Anagha  AK.

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Intonation refers to the variation in pitch and tone while speaking. It involves the rise and fall of pitch patterns, conveying nuances such as emotion, emphasis, or grammatical distinctions. For instance, a rising intonation at the end of a sentence may indicate a question, while a falling intonation can signal a statement. Intonation plays a crucial role in effective communication, influencing how messages are perceived.

-Submitted by Ananya Sree Byju

31. Pitch in speech

 Pitch, the highness and lowness of our voice, is crucial for effective speech. It adds life and colour to our speech, keeping our audience engaged. Varying our pitch emphasizes key points, conveys emotions, and prevents monotony, much like a musical melody. Just as a flat melody loses its appeal, a monotone voice loses its power to capture attention.

 -Submitted by  Aryan Anand

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Franklin D. Roosevelt once said, "Words have the power to shape destinies."

 Crafting a potent pitch is like harnessing this power. In an instant, it can ignite inspiration, spur action, or reshape perspectives. A well-crafted pitch, delivered with eloquence and persuasion, has the capacity to resonate far beyond its brevity. It's the art of expressing ideas succinctly, leaving a lasting impact on the minds of listeners.

 -Submitted   by Sana  Kalodi

 

30.Tone in English

 In English, tone whispers between the lines, a nuanced symphony guiding words beyond their literal meaning. “ A hushed question, laden with concern, carries more weight than a shouted demand”. Tone paints emotions where mere words falter. It's the secret language that binds words to truth, resonating not just in what is spoken, but in the space between.

-Submitted  by  Kiran Prakash

 

29.Stress Patterns in English

 Syllables and stress are two of the main areas of spoken language. Pronouncing words with the stress on the correct syllables will help us improve our spoken English, make our sentences easier to understand and help us sound more like a native speaker.

English syllables are stress-timed. English is classed as a 'stress-based' language, which means the meanings of words can be altered significantly by a change in word stress and sentence stress. There are always one or more stressed syllables within a word and this special stress placement helps words and sentences develop their own rhythm.

Using the correct stressed syllables within a word is an important part of speech and understanding.

Even if you cannot hear a word well and are not familiar with the context, you can often still work out what the word is, simply from listening to which syllable is stressed.

In the same way, if a learner pronounces a word differently from the accepted norm, it can be hard for a native speaker to understand the word. The word or sentence might be grammatically correct, but if they have used the wrong  stress pattern or the wrong stressed syllables, it could make it unintelligible to a native.

Some examples

Two syllable words stress patterns:

Quiet, party

Three syllable words stress patterns:

Fantastic, energy

Four syllable words stress patterns:

Understanding

Five syllable words stress patterns:                                        

Uncontrollable, inspirational

 

-Submitted  by   Ahammed  Shabeeb   K.

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When a word has more than one syllable one of them is spoken with more force or emphasis than the rest of the word. This force or emphasis laid on a specific syllable is called stress patterns in English. There can be main and secondary stress or unstressed sounds. Each word has it’s own stress pattern.

Eg: Take three words : politics, political and politician, they have different sounds because they have different stressed syllables. Capital letters indicate stressed syllables

POLitics

poLITical

poliTICIan

 

References:

Wikipedia.  Stress(Linguistics)

 https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)

 https://learn.teacherappenglish.com/phonetics/stress-patterns/

https://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/professional-development/teachers/knowing-subject/q-s/stress-pattern

-Submitted by  Rishwa M. Rasheed

 

28. Sentence stress in English

 

In Linguistics, stress or accent is the relative emphasis or prominence given to a certain syllable in a word or sentence.

Sentence stress in English is the way a speaker highlights certain words in a sentence. It helps the listener focus on important parts and understand the speaker’s meaning. If stress is not used or used incorrectly, listener can misinterpret the intended meaning.

Ex:-  “Is it brunch tomorrow.”

         “No, it’s dinner tomorrow.”

In it the stress syllable is ‘din’ in dinner which is louder and longer.

Ex:-  “I didn’t take the test yesterday.”(somebody else did)

         “I didn’t take the test yesterday.”(I did not take it)

You can’t choose where to put stress in a word but you can choose where to place in sentence. Stressing the different word can change the meaning.

-Submitted by Chirag

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Sentence stress refers to the arrangement of emphasized and deemphasized words within a sentence. When speaking in English, some syllables are uttered louder than others. Stressed syllables are those that are uttered with greater force than the others. Unstressed syllables are those that are uttered softly. According to Roach (1993, p. 85–86), stressed syllables are distinguished from unstressed syllables by their greater significance. This is the one trait that all stressed syllables share in common.

It would be worthwhile to use Clifford et al. (1985, p. 19) to emphasize how crucial it is to educate students to emphasize the proper syllables while pronouncing English words. They state that stress plays a crucial role in pronunciation and that the exact spot of the accent should always be learned with the word.

 

-Submitted  by  Muhammed Nahiyan ArchaValappil